客家人从何处来？客家为什么不是少数民族?
<div class="wx_rich_media_content" id="jsWxContainer"><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><section style="padding: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; white-space: normal; border: 1px solid rgb(226, 226, 226); width: 606px; display: inline-block; box-shadow: rgb(226, 226, 226) 0px 16px 1px -13px;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(1, 0, 0, 0);"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(1, 0, 0, 0);"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;background-color: rgba(1, 0, 0, 0);text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 534px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></span><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(66, 73, 91); font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">年年为客遍天涯</strong><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section><p><br></p><p><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;float: left;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 24px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></span><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 1px;text-align: center;widows: 1;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">，</span><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 1px;text-align: center;widows: 1;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">意思是“我”，客家人念做“ngai”，但它在字典里是不存在。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">这是客家人独创的文字。从字面上看，走到了悬崖边上，再无路可走的人，就是客家人。</span></section><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">在过去的很长时间里，这个在闽粤赣边区择山而居，喜欢穿蓝色布衫，并操着一口古老方言的群体被认为是一个“夷蛮”部落。就连客家人自己对自身的来历也不甚明了，他们只记得祖祖辈辈似乎总是在不停地迁徙，从一座大山走向另一座大山。</span></section><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">在梅州客家博物馆，我们看到了关于客家源流这样的描述：“原本的汉族中原人士，历经五次大规模的迁移，在南方多地逐渐形成汉民族的一个支系——客家。”</span></section><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; text-align: right; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">客家村落，福建永定</span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; text-align: right; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">▼</span></section><p style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; text-align: right; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 677px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; text-align: right; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">（源自摄图网）</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 12px;"></span></p><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><p><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="background-color: rgb(217, 33, 66);"><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 20px;"> -1-</strong><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 20px;"> </strong><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 20px;"></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“客”</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">，在汉语中</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">最早是对来访者的敬称，后来也用于称呼旅居他乡的人，比如“独在异乡为异</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">客”。魏晋以来<span style="max-width: 100%;">，那些依附在地主豪绅门下充当佃农的流民被称之为“佃客”；到了宋朝，官府录入户籍时会依据有</span></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">无田产将人口分为“主户”和“客户”；明清时期，<span style="max-width: 100%;">为了和土著居民加以区分，</span>那些寄居本地的外地人都被称为“客籍”。</span></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">与“主”相对，“客”总是一个无所倚恃，又疲于奔忙的形象。一声“客家”也道出了这个背井离乡的族群1700多年来颠沛流离的辛酸史。</span><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">客家人的迁徙路线</span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">▼</span><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 574px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(214, 168, 65); letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">▲<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">客家大迁徙，除了在清朝时是因为人口膨胀而向外省搬迁外，其余均发生在中国历史上兵革互兴的时期，分别是：</span>两晋时的八王之乱与“五胡乱华”、 唐中期的安史之乱与唐末的黄巢起义、宋朝的靖康之变与元军南下、明末的流寇之祸和清军入侵。</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">五次大迁徙是接受度较广的论述，也有学者认为早在秦汉时期客家人的南迁就已经开始。<span style="text-align: center;">（制图©孤城）</span></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">清朝之前，客家人一直游离在社会的边缘，不为人所注意。甚至连“客家”这个称呼以及客家的群体意识都还没有出现。<br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">这大概也正是客家人的本意。他们为了躲避战乱而告别故土，从黄河与洛水之畔，举家南迁。走到淮河时，停下来看看，走到长江时，又停了下来，可战火总是不期而至，裹挟着他们一直南下。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">越往前，离家越远，脚步越重，但客家人始终抱着一个执念，那就是一定要找到一份安宁。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">他们不屈不挠地翻越一座座山岭，最终走到了广东和福建。在看到大海的那一刻，明白这已是天涯海角，他们才终于互相看看，说：行，那就这样吧。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">但客家人并没有就此开启面朝大海春暖花开的生活，因为海边的冲积平原早已被先来的移民所占据，于是，他们又一声不响地转身藏进深山里去了。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; text-align: right; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">客家民居，福建田螺坑</span></strong><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; text-align: right; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;text-align: right;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">▼</span></section><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: right; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 677px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; text-align: right; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important;">（源自摄图网）</span></p><p><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="background-color: rgb(217, 33, 66);"><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 20px;"> -2-</strong><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 20px;"> </strong><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 20px;"></strong></span></section><p><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">中原，作为华夏民族的摇篮，诞生了古代中国最辉煌的文明成果，但同时也承载了无数的战乱与灾祸。每当中原陆沉，大量的官宦士民都会携家带口，向外迁移，他们所到之处，无不为这个地区带来一波前所未有的改变。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">古徽州曾因中原人的到来，孕育出博大精深的<strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">徽文化</strong>；河西走廊因为中原人的进入，演绎出风起云涌的<strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">五凉文化</strong>；有了中原人断发纹身的启蒙，太湖流域才有了豪情万丈的<strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">吴越文化</strong>。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">在众多南迁避乱的队伍里，客家是性格最沉稳的群体。作为中原士族的后裔，他们带着深厚的中原文脉，但却自始至终都不愿意去影响谁。</span><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">大概他们是真的厌倦了斗争、厌倦了混乱的世道，只想找一片远离人群的土地，种豆锄禾，安安心心地过上“悠然见南山”的日子。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">陶渊明仿佛是客家的精神导师——其实陶渊明生活的年代在东晋至南北朝，也恰是客家人第一次大迁徙的时期。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“无山不住客，无客不住山”，客家人对山的偏爱，以及对定居点的选择似乎也是受到了陶公的影响。</span></section><section><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; text-align: right; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;">世外桃源般的客家居所</span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; text-align: right; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">▼</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; text-align: right; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 574px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; text-align: right; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">（源自摄图网）</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 1px;"></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">实际上，正是因为这种避世情结的存在，一个新群落的形成才有了可能。</span><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">客家人最初和其他的中原移民并没有什么不同，大家离开家乡的时候，原本是同一个群体，分化是在南迁的过程中逐渐产生的。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">客家的先祖往往喜欢在人烟稀少的群山中辟谷而居，这些地方道路险阻，舟车不通，极少受到外界的干扰，他们原有的语言、风俗和文化便很容易保留下来，并以自己独特的方式慢慢演变。</span><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">到了两宋之交，这个深山里的族群已经累积了足够多的人口，他们和其他族群的差异也已十分明显，虽然一个统一的称呼还没有出现，但“客家”这个与众不同的群体已俨然形成了。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; text-align: right; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">遗世独立的客家土楼</span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; text-align: right; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">▼</span></section><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: right; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;background-color: rgb(238, 237, 235);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(238, 237, 235);background-size: 22px;background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;height: 383.414px !important;width: 574px !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: right; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 1px;">（源自摄图网）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="background-color: rgb(217, 33, 66);"><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 20px;"> -3-</strong><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 20px;"> </strong></span><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 20px;"></strong></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">在闽粤赣湘桂，中国东南五省（区），武夷山脉、南岭山脉、罗霄山脉、云开大山和十万大山，纵横交错，形成了一片密集的山地丘陵带。最早的客家移民就是在这片山岭中，拓荒开垦，定居繁衍。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">然而，到明清时期，随着人口越来越多，山地中的资源捉襟见肘，为了生存，客家人又不得不走出大山，继续迁移。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">广东河源的客家村落</span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">▼</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: right; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 677px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: right; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">（源自昵图网）</span><span style="font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;text-align: center;"></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">新来的移民在获取土地和水源时，不可避免地会同土著居民以及旧移民产生纠纷和矛盾。当纠纷越来越大，矛盾就变成了仇视与对抗，若再加以别有用心的挑拨，武力械斗的爆发便不可避免。伤亡最为惨重的械斗，发生在珠江三角洲的西侧，核心在鹤山至恩平一带，械斗持续了14年之久，波及17县3000多个村庄，土、客双方的死伤均在数十万之众。</span><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">层出不穷的暴力事件让社会各界对客家移民的歧视和诋毁越来越重，而“土客械斗”也无意间促成了客家人群体意识的觉醒。众多客家有识之士开始为客家人的生存权益发声呼告，并对社会上的谩骂和偏见撰文驳斥，还言之凿凿地指出，客家人并非蛮夷，而是和广府人一样都源自于中原士族。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“客家”</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">这个名字就是在这种背景下逐渐取代了来人、客仔、棚民、崖佬等各种外在称呼，成为被普遍认同和接受的族群标识。</span></span></section><section><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">广东大埔县的客家民居</span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">▼</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 574px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(214, 168, 65); letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">▲<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">客家的起源目前学术界仍存有争议，主流观点是客家源出中原汉族，另一种观点认为客家是南方汉族的一个分支，也有学者指出客家是汉族和畲（<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(145, 148, 145); font-family: arial, tahoma, "Microsoft Yahei", 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">shē）</span>族相互融合后形成的族群。<span style="text-align: center;">（摄影©孤城）</span></span></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">20世纪30年代，出身客家的学者<strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">罗香林</strong>先生投身于对客家源流和客家文化的系统性研究，他开创了把历史文献和民间族谱相结合的研究方法，并首次提出了<strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“民系”</strong>的概念，大意是指一个民族内部的不同分支。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">比如汉民族主要分为北方、晋绥、吴越、湖湘、江右、客家、闽海和广府民系，在北方民系里还可以继续细分为东北、燕幽、冀鲁、胶辽、中原、关中、兰银、湖广和江淮民系。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">我们很难去具体呈现每一个民系的形成过程，不过大部分民系，都有过不同族群相互碰撞融合后从荆棘莽荒跃升为开化之地的蝶变。新的知识不断被激发、被创造，并约定俗成地传承下来，形成一种带有<strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">地域性</strong>的文化认同。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">唯一和所有民系都格格不入的，就是客家。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">它是汉民族中唯一不以地域命名的民系，而客家话，也是汉语中唯一没有冠以地名的方言。一个“客”字，彷佛永远地将客家人与周围的一切划分了出去。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; text-align: right; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">土楼里的客家生活</span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; text-align: right; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">▼</span></section><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: right; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 574px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">（源自昵图网）</span><span style="font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;text-align: center;"></span></p><p><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 20px;background-color: rgb(217, 33, 66);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong> -4- </strong></span></section><p><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">客人，终究会带着保留与矜持，有着尊重与警惕，也藏着不愿告人的思念与坚韧。</span></section><section><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">传统的客家民居便有着这样清晰的表达，他们以家族为单位，将自己的房屋修成了一种合围式的建筑，被称之为<strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“客家围”</strong>。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><p><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">客家围不仅有圆形、方形和半圆形，还可以呈棋盘状或者排列状。但不管形制如何，无不反映着一种强烈的向心力。</span></section><p><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">客家围龙屋</span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">▼</span></section><p style="max-width: 100%; text-align: right; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: auto !important;visibility: visible !important;"></span></p><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: right; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;text-align: center;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;">（源自昵图网）</span><span style="font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;text-align: center;"></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">漫长而艰辛的迁徙，并没有让客家人忘记祖先的门风遗训，反而使他们对家的渴望和对宗族的坚守来的更为殷切。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">客家人说“宁卖祖宗田，不忘祖宗言”，所以，客家围最核心的位置永远是一个家族的宗祠，宗祠在，家族的根便在。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">花萼楼，梅州大埔县</span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">▼</span></section><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: right; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 677px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: right; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 1px;text-align: center;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">（摄影©孤城）</span><span style="font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 1px;text-align: center;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">建筑是一种可以解读人们精神世界的语言，在当时的历史背景里，客家人对自己所处的环境一定是有所戒备的。他们把房子盖成高大且封闭的圆形或方形，最明显的用意便是<strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">防御</strong>。</span><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><p><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">泰安楼，梅州大埔县</span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">▼</span></section><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: right; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 677px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: right; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">（摄影©孤城）</span><span style="font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 1px;text-align: center;"></span></p><section><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">一座围屋，不仅是一个由血缘亲属组成的小社区，而且也是一座牢固的堡垒。围屋的内部被平均分割成数十个小面积的居住单元，几十户人家同在一个院子里生活，有困难可相互扶持，闲暇时也方便插科打诨。若是有匪徒来袭，只要把包裹着铁皮的大门一关，再凶的盗匪也只能望楼兴叹。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; text-align: right; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;">福建永定振成楼</span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; text-align: right; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">▼</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: right; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 574px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: right; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">（源自昵图网）</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;text-align: center;"></span></section><section><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">这种相依相靠，同舟共济的生活方式，在那些漂泊的岁月里，无疑给了客家人莫大的安慰。</span><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; text-align: right; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">客家土楼群，福建田螺坑</span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; text-align: right; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">▼</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: right; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 574px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: right; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;">（源自昵图网）</span><span style="font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;text-align: center;"></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="background-color: rgb(217, 33, 66);"><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 20px;"> -5-</strong><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 20px;"> </strong></span><strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 20px;"></strong></section><p><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">客家博物馆的广场上竖立着一座客家母亲的塑像，母亲头戴凉帽，手扶犁耙，</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">赤</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">脚绾裤地在田间劳作，</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">她的背上，一个神态安详的宝宝正在酣睡。</span></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">因为要下地干活，所以客家的女人不裹小脚，但封建礼教的影响仍在，她们出门时还是要带上一顶可以用纱布遮住脸庞的斗笠。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">这是客家人早期生活场景的真实写照。荒山野岭，一餐一饭来之不易，使得客家人不分男女都要承担起耕田养家的重担。</span></section><p><br></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: right; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 677px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></span><span style="font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;">（摄影©孤城）</span></p><p><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">在客家人心中，母亲的意义显然更加深刻——母亲的足印，背负着客家人的轨迹；母亲的耕耘，培植出客家人的体魄；母亲的哺育，创造了客家人源远流长、枝繁叶茂的奇迹。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">因此，就算身处贫瘠的山野，客家人也能从中汲取到生生不息的动力：生活的艰辛炼造了他们吃苦耐劳的品性；资源的匮乏使他们不畏险阻，勇于拓荒；聚族而居的习俗让他们易于组织和领导；尊师敬祖的传统又塑造了他们大义凛然的民族气节。所以，当客家人走出大山，他们便成为了一支不甘屈服、开拓进取的力量。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">无论是宋末的抗元，明末的抗清，还是近代的抗日，但凡民族危亡之际，客家人的身影总是活跃在战斗的最前线。等到刀枪入库，天下太平，他们又在商业的战场上披荆斩棘，乘风破浪。</span></section><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">这个曾经漂泊无依的民系，如今已繁衍了近一亿人口，他们在全球70多个国家和地区建立了自己的事业和声望，他们所取得成就引起了世界范围内的注意，他们的历史和文化也成为一门国际性的显学——<strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">客家学</strong>。</span></section><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">从避乱逃荒，到扬帆出海，客家人的脚步其实一直都未曾停下。世界上还有一个总是在迁徙的族群——吉普赛人，他们流落天涯，被人四处驱赶。但不一样的是，客家人无论走到哪里，都不会感到孤独，因为还有一个中国，永远是家。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br></section></div><p></p>
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