柑橘科学施肥要点，寻乌果农看看哦~　-　惠民农资-寻乌微生活•寻乌人网上家园

寒小秋 发表于 2020-7-20 08:56:17

柑橘科学施肥要点，寻乌果农看看哦~

<div class="wx_rich_media_content" id="jsWxContainer"> <p style='text-align: center; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>柑橘科学施肥要点<p style='text-align: center; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'> <p style='text-align: center; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'><p style='text-align: center; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'> <p style='text-indent: 28px; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'> <p style='text-indent: 28px; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>柑橘为常绿果树，生理活动周年不息，抽梢次数多，果实生长期长，冬季也进行同化作用和花芽分化，对养分的需求量比较大。因此，生产上根据柑橘生长特点，合理施用肥料，培育健壮果树，是实现柑橘优质高产的关键。　 <p style='text-indent: 28px; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>一、柑橘的需肥特性<p style='text-indent: 28px; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'> （一）对肥料需求量大。柑橘几乎整年都在抽梢、开花和结果，需要从土壤中吸收一定数量的养分。一般来说，柑橘一年要抽3-4次梢，结果多，落果也多，挂果期长，一般在5个月左右，要消耗大量的营养物质。对这些消耗掉的营养物质如不及时进行施肥补充，就会造成土壤肥力的退化。<p style='text-indent: 28px; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'> （二）树体贮存大量营养。柑橘是多年生木本植物，树体中存有大量的营养。如春梢新叶中所含的全氮量，约有28％来自前一年秋肥的残存养分；供给形成春梢的氮素中，约有30％来自上年叶片中贮存的养分。因此，树体的实际营养状况，除与当年从土壤中吸收的养分有关外，春末夏初抽梢开花，在很大程度上依赖于树体贮藏养分的水平。<p style='text-indent: 28px; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'> （三）对缺素和营养失调较为敏感。柑橘是深根作物，在同一土壤范围内生长长达十几年甚至几十年，根系从土壤中长期有选择地吸收某些营养元素，容易造成营养元素的亏缺。当养分不平衡时易出现缺素、大小年等问题。<p style='text-indent: 28px; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'> （四）阶段性需肥特点。柑橘对所需养分的吸收，随物候期的变化而不同，春季的4月到秋季的10月，是柑橘一年中吸肥最多的时期。如新梢对营养的吸收，由春季开始迅速增长，夏季达到高峰，入秋后开始下降，入冬后基本停止；果实对磷的吸收，从仲夏逐渐增加，至夏末秋初达到高峰，以后趋于平衡。氮钾的吸收从仲夏开始增加，8－9月出现最高峰。<p style='text-indent: 28px; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>二、当前柑橘施肥存在问题<p style='text-indent: 28px; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'> （一）长期依赖化肥，土壤问题严重。长期大量施用化肥，致使土壤板结，土质变差，土壤中的有机质含量、微生物活性、腐殖酸含量降低，致使化肥的利用率降低。<p style='text-indent: 28px; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'> （二）重视大量元素，忽视中微量元素。长期重视氮、磷、钾的施用，忽视钙、镁、硼、铁、锌、硼等中微量元素的施用，土壤中中微量元素严重枯竭，生理病害严重，果实品质下降。　<p style='text-indent: 28px; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'> （三）施用未经发酵腐熟的农家肥，损害根系。大量施用未经发酵腐熟的人、畜、禽粪，其携带的大量病菌、害虫、盐分等，都会对根系造成严重损伤。未发酵腐熟的有机肥施入果园后继续腐熟产生热量伤根，重者会造成烂根死树。<p style='text-indent: 28px; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'> （四）不按果树需肥规律施肥，难于达到理想效果。果树需肥时期与果树生长节奏密切相关。果农常以人为因素来确定施肥时期，而不结合柑橘的需肥规律，这样不仅不能达到施肥的目的，而且可能造成生产上的损失。比如果树营养积累阶段因肥料过多导致营养生长旺盛，树势虚旺而不健壮；或者该需要肥料时又没及时补充，造成树势缺肥衰弱，果小质量差；特别是晚熟品种，第二年春季该施肥时果子还在树上，春肥施用困难，在这种情况下，如果上一年树体营养贮存不够，春梢生长就会很弱而且不整齐，树势迅速衰败。<p style='text-indent: 28px; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'> <p style='margin-left: 43px; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>三、合理施肥原则<p style='text-indent: 43px; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>针对当前忽视有机肥施用、土壤酸化严重、肥料用量和配比、施肥时期和方法等的不合理，钙、镁、硼、锌、铁等中微量元素缺乏现象普遍，肥分流失严重，肥料利用率低等问题，建议采取以下施肥原则： <p style='text-indent: 43px; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>（一）以历年平均产量或当年预计产量为标准，每100公斤果实全年施氮素0.6－0.8㎏，氮：磷：钾＝1：0.5：0.8－1，实行以产定量施肥；<p style='text-indent: 43px; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'><p style='line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'> （二）有机肥与无机肥合理配施，重视有机肥料的施用，大力发展果园绿肥，实施果园生草，改善土壤理化性状，提高土壤保肥、供肥能力，提高养分利用率；<p style='line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>　（三）酸化严重的果园，适量施用硅钙肥或石灰等酸性土壤调理剂；<p style='line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'> （四）根据柑橘品种、果园土壤肥力状况，结合柑橘生长发育各阶段对养分的需求规律，适时、适量、科学的施用肥料。为达到以最低的施肥成本获得较高的经济效益，推广测土配方施肥；<p style='text-indent: 43px; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>（五）施肥方式改全园撒施为集中穴施或沟施。<p style='text-indent: 43px; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'> <p style='line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'> 四、施肥方法<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'><span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>施肥方法当否，对肥效影响很大，因此要因园因树因肥采用适当的方法施肥。果树生产中常用的施肥方法主要是土壤根际施肥和根外追肥两种。<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'><span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>　（一）<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>土壤根际施肥<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>。<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>土壤是果树生长的基础，是根系生长的地方，土壤肥力的高低，决定了土壤本身可供根系吸收的养分的数量<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>，<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>必须通过合理施肥，不断增加土壤养分才能满足树体的需要。<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'><span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'> 1.<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>幼树施肥。<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>一是环沟施肥：在树冠滴水线外侧挖宽30～40厘米、深20～30厘米一条环沟或半环沟施肥。二是穴状施肥：在树冠滴水线周围挖深20～30厘米的施肥穴4～6个施入肥料，挖穴位置逐次轮换。<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'><span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'> 2.<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>结果树施<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>肥。<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>一是全园撒施。离树干30～40厘米，把肥料均匀撒施在树盘内，结合中耕翻入地下。二是长条沟施肥。在树冠滴水线外围东西或南北两侧开挖深20～40厘米、宽30～50厘米。长为树冠1/4的平行沟。每次轮换开沟位置。三是放射沟施肥。距树干30～50厘米处，依树冠大小，向外开放射状沟4～6条，沟宽30厘米，深10～30厘米（里浅外深）、长50～60厘米的沟，以后逐次轮换开沟位置。四是穴状施肥。在滴水线周围挖深30～50厘米、直径20～30厘米的施肥穴4～6个，挖穴位置逐次轮换。施肥方法<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'><span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>施肥深度应根据根系分布的深度、施肥时期、肥料种类性质来决定。一般有机肥宜深施，化肥可浅施。<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'><span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'> （二）<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>根外追肥<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>。<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>根外追肥又叫叶面喷肥。即利用液体喷雾的方式，使果树叶面、枝干、幼果迅速吸收液肥，及时补给营养，矫治缺素症。目前已普遍用于谢花保果、花芽分化等生长发育时期。根外追肥具有肥料用量少、养分吸收快、方法简单易行等优点。<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>1.<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>适宜的肥料种类<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>。<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>适于根外追肥的肥料应是易溶于水的速效性肥料，可选用优质的氨基酸叶面肥，或是腐植酸叶面肥，或有机营养叶面肥以及矿物元素水溶肥。喷布时应注意适当的浓度，过浓易伤害叶片（幼果），过稀则效果不大。现在优质的叶面肥，<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>2.<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>根外追肥应注意的事项<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>。<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>一是<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>根外追肥应根据柑橘物候期、肥料性质及天气情况确定使用浓度。如新梢嫩叶期和幼果期浓度应低些。同时混配多种药剂，叶面肥等浓度适当放低些<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>；二是<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>根外追肥应注意喷布叶背，喷雾要均匀，对于不能溶解的肥料残渣，应过滤干净方可使用。补充叶面微肥，可选用优质商品叶面微肥，吸收更好，效果更佳<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>；三是<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>根外追肥与温度、湿度有关，最适温度是18-25℃。夏季高温季节，应选在阴天或晴天的早晚进行，有利于吸收，避免产生药害。夏季高温喷药，药液会聚光，容易造成日灼伤斑，同时高温下，叶片气孔蒸腾<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>作用强；四是<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>根外追肥可与农药、植物生长调节剂混喷，以节省劳力<span style='letter-spacing: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>。</div>

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柑橘科学施肥要点，寻乌果农看看哦~