客家人从哪里来？一部迁徙史，一部血泪史
<div class="wx_rich_media_content" id="jsWxContainer"><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br></font></p><p style='text-align: left; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='letter-spacing: 0.544px;'><font size="3">说起客家人的历史，是一部血泪史，是一部迁徙史。客家人为了躲避战乱，从中原迁徙到南方，中间经历了五次大迁徙。也正因为这五次大迁徙，从中原人慢慢孕育、形成和发展成为客家民系。</font></span></p><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">历史上，往南迁徙的中原人有很多，但并不能认为往南迁徙的中原人就是客家人。秦始皇统一天下后，对岭南的百越发动了3次战争，最终占领岭南，并任赵佗为龙川令，战后留下30万秦军镇守岭南，这30万秦军并不是客家人，而是广府人的先人。那么怎样才算客家人呢？</font></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span class="wxart_image" wx-style='display:inline-block;margin: 10px auto;box-sizing: border-box;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;border-width: 0px;border-style: initial;border-color: initial;display: block;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 453px !important;visibility: visible !important;'><font size="3"></font></span></p><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">第一，家族式迁徙。客家人的祖先都是以家族的方式迁徙的，并不是个人的方式迁徙，这样的好处就是他们非常重视和继承家族的传统，维护家族的文化，不容易被其他土著同化。特别是客家人无论迁徙到哪里落地生根，首先要做的事就是立祠堂、祭祖和修家谱等，客家人把这句谚语常记于心：“宁买祖宗田，不忘祖宗言”，由此知道客家人非常的重视并继承家族的传统文化。</font></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">第二，地理环境的影响。客家人迁徙的过程中，一般会选择靠山的地方，客家老话常说“逢山必有客，无客不住山”。虽然山区环境非常的恶劣，条件也落后，不太适合人民居住，但也是有好处的，那就是竞争相对小，受到外界文化的干扰也小，所以客家人的语言、风俗可以一代一代的传承下来。</font></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">第三，非常重视教育。客家人非常重视子孙后代的教育，在客家地区，存在有很多和读书有关的谚语，比如“唔读书，没老婆”，“唔读诗书，有目无珠”等等。</font></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">正是因为以上原因，才使得这部分中原人受当地土著的影响不大，最后形成今天的客家人。那么客家人经历了哪五次大迁徙呢？是什么原因造成客家人不得不走上背井离乡这艰苦的道路的呢？</font></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span class="wxart_image" wx-style='display:inline-block;margin: 10px auto;box-sizing: border-box;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;border-width: 0px;border-style: initial;border-color: initial;display: block;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 578px !important;visibility: visible !important;'><font size="3"></font></span></p><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; color: rgb(28, 120, 146); box-sizing: border-box !important;'><strong style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">第一次大迁徙</font></strong></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">晋元康元年，以贾后与外戚争权为导火线，从而导致了“八王之乱”，“八王之乱”造成社会动荡，西晋内耗严重，百姓苦不堪言。这时匈奴、鲜卑、羯、氐、羌等少数民族乘这个机会，进军中原，各自为王，互相攻伐，出现了“五胡乱华”的局面，西晋灭亡后，中原成了胡人的天下，他们不重视农田，只知道牧放牛羊，而且不把汉人当人看。</font></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">不堪奴役的汉人就开始大举南迁，而更多的主要投靠东晋王朝。晋元帝司马睿在江南设置了很多侨郡县，用于安置中原移民，并给予各种优待政策。从“八王之乱”开始，这场大动乱持续了170多年，迁移人口达一二百万之众。</font></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; color: rgb(28, 120, 146); box-sizing: border-box !important;'><strong style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">第二次大迁徙</font></strong></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">天宝十四载冬（755年），安禄山率领15万叛军南下，发动“安史之乱”，使得民不聊生。“安史之乱”后，唐朝由盛转衰，出现割据的局面，在加上连年的灾荒，官府的贪污腐败，之后又爆发黄巢起义，起义军辗转大江南北，攻城略地，给中原人民带来了沉重的灾难。</font></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">中原人民不得不再次背井离乡，再次引起大迁徙大潮，这就是客家人第二次大迁徙的背景。这次大迁徙，江西是客家人的落脚的重要地区“安史之乱”后，江西的洪州、饶州和信州三个地方，户口数就增加了11万余户，由此可见这次大迁徙的数量之众。</font></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">这次大迁徙，从安史之乱到五代时期，客家人主要有6个迁移方向，第一个方向迁往江苏和江西，第二个方向迁往浙江，第三个方向迁往福建，第四个方向迁往广东中部和广西南部，第五个方向迁往湖南，第六个方向迁往四川。</font></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span class="wxart_image" wx-style='display:inline-block;margin: 10px auto;box-sizing: border-box;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;border-width: 0px;border-style: initial;border-color: initial;display: block;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 400px !important;visibility: visible !important;'><font size="3"></font></span></p><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><span style='max-width: 100%; color: rgb(28, 120, 146); box-sizing: border-box !important;'><strong style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>第三次大迁徙</strong></span>（客家文化和客家民系的初步形成）</font></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">第三次大迁徙，初步形成了客家文化和客家民系。公元1126年，金兵南下，北宋节节败退，引发了又一轮的中原汉人的南迁潮，公元1127年，高宗在南京应天府即位，建立南宋王朝，之后应天府被金兵攻克，高宗南渡，而随高宗渡江南迁的臣民达百万之众。</font></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">蒙古入侵后，实行民族歧视的政策，将人民分为四等，其中汉人和南人被分为第三等和第四等，处在黄河流域的汉人，再次南迁，蒙古出兵南方后，闽粤赣成为抗元的主战场，而文天祥挑起了抗元保宋的重任，之后率军到达梅州，客家儿女纷纷从军，转战闽粤赣各地。之后，南宋灭亡，但是客家儿女却一直起兵抗元。广州增城起兵抗元的首领朱光卿，甚至以客家人为标志，鼓励和号召更多的客家人积极参加战斗。</font></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">在宋代的时候，主客户籍还分的比较明确，但是在宋末元初这一段时间，由于南渡的淮军、客家人和土著抱团，积极加入反元斗争中，长期的斗争使得这部分人的生活、习俗、语言等渐渐的融合在一起，这个时候已经难以界定哪些人的户籍是主籍，哪些人的户籍是客籍了。</font></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">正因为这一融合，形成了一种全新的文化，这种文化和以往中原人的固有文化不同，也和闽越地区本身的文化不一样，这种文化就是客家文化，而这些文化的主人公就是这部分客家民系。这一时期，客家的中心区域主要在汀赣，其中主要核心在汀州。</font></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span class="wxart_image" wx-style='display:inline-block;margin: 10px auto;box-sizing: border-box;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;border-width: 0px;border-style: initial;border-color: initial;display: block;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 550px !important;visibility: visible !important;'><font size="3"></font></span></p><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><span style='max-width: 100%; color: rgb(28, 120, 146); box-sizing: border-box !important;'><strong style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>第四次大迁徙</strong></span>（确立以梅州为客家文化中心）</font></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">清兵入关，打败了李自成的起义军，并且在打完胜仗后烧杀抢掠，引起汉人的不满。自1645年，赣南客家人在宁都首次反清以来，经过了大大小小数十次的反清浪潮，因这次动乱，客家人再次大迁徙，但是这次大迁徙和以往不同，以往的大迁徙都是内聚形态的，而这次的大迁徙，却是相反，由内向外辐射，使客家人分布在世界各地。</font></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">这次迁徙有的往粤北、粤中、粤西方向；有的向广西、湖南、四川方向；有的甚至迁徙到东南亚（今印尼、泰国、越南、马来西亚等地方）；还有一部分客家人随着郑成功出征收复台湾，之后定居台湾（当然，台湾的客家人也有一部分在郑成功之前就已经迁徙过来了，但是这部分人不是大迁徙造成的，这儿就叙述）。</font></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">当然，第四次大迁徙除了动乱的原因外，还有一个比较重要的原因，赣闽粤地区的客家人，经过200多年的稳定发展，居住人口越来越多，而赣闽粤地区山多地少，已经限制了客家人的发展。由于湖广和四川地区经过了长期的动乱，人口锐减，清政府针对这情况，作出了“移湖广、填四川”的移民运动，于是就有大量的客家人移居湖广和四川这些地区了。</font></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">雍正十一年，是梅州历史的一个新起点，雍正帝设立一个“嘉应州”，至此，嘉应州成为当时420多个州府之一，这就是梅州市形成的原形，当时嘉应州包含长乐、兴宁、平远、镇平、程乡、松源、丰顺、大埔等地区。在清朝，嘉应州逐渐发展成为客家文化中心，并且开始把梅州话认为是标准的客家话并记载到《嘉应州志》里。</font></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span class="wxart_image" wx-style='display:inline-block;margin: 10px auto;box-sizing: border-box;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;border-width: 0px;border-style: initial;border-color: initial;display: block;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 578px !important;visibility: visible !important;'><font size="3"></font></span></p><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; color: rgb(28, 120, 146); box-sizing: border-box !important;'><strong style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">第五次大迁徙</font></strong></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">洪秀全是客家人，而他领导的太平天国运动，队伍都是以客家人为基础，这部分客家人辗转征战十多年。最终起义失败，清政府对这部分客家人进行清洗，使得这部分人纷纷迁徙国外避难。</font></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">鸦片战争后，契约华工的兴起，也让部分客家人被骗到海外；光绪帝取消海禁后，部分客家人出洋做生意或者谋生，这部分人就是现在的华侨，他们迁徙到海外，并在海外落地生根。</font></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></font></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3">现在，客家人已经分布在5大洲，80多个国家和地区，所以有句话说：有华人的地方就有客家人。</font></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="3"><br></font></span></section><section style='margin: 10px 15px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; border-color: rgb(235, 234, 225); letter-spacing: 0.54px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid;'><section style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: inherit; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span class="wxart_image" wx-style='display:inline-block;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;width: 617px !important;'><font size="3"></font></span></section></section><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: right; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; color: rgb(178, 178, 178); box-sizing: border-box !important;'><font size="1">来源：客家联盟</font></span></p><p><br></p></div><p></p>
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